Question 1: What are the three macronutrients? {multiple choice]

Question 2: All macronutrients provide calories? [True or False]

Question 3: What aspects of our lives does diet impact? [Multiple choice]

Question 4: A healthy diet means eating every nutrient every day? [True or False]

Question 1: Malnutrition is only caused by not eating enough calories, True or false?

Explanation
Malnutrition is a general term to describe various physical manifestations of inadequate diet. These may include not eating enough calories, which can lead to wasting and stunting, not eating enough vitamins and minerals, which can lead to micronutrient deficiencies, and overeating too many calories, which can lead to overweight.

Question 2: Different forms of malnutrition can exist in the same community, household, even individual, True or false?

Explanation
Different forms of malnutrition can exist in the same community, household, even individual, True or false? Answer: True. Different forms of malnutrition have causes that are not exclusive to each other. An individual may have a diet with too many calories and not enough micronutrients, or not enough

Question 3: Improving diets is the only way to reduce malnutrition. True or false?

Explanation
The causes of malnutrition are both inadequate diet and chronic illness that prevent nutrient absorption. Strategies to improve health and reduce exposure to disease-causing pathogens can help reduce risk of malnutrition, especially in conjunction with improved diets.

Question 1: “Food, agriculture, and market systems are separate and do not overlap” True or False?

Explanation
“False. Food, agriculture, and market systems are complex and overlapping systems that have multiple linkages and feedback systems between them. Many actors are involved in all three of these systems.”

Question 2: “Women’s empowerment only influences nutrition because women tend to make healthier food choices” True or False?

Explanation
“False. Women’s empowerment is a route by which agriculture investments can lead to improved nutrition, but there are many factors that contribute to this, including control over income and resources to purchase healthy foods and retain healthy crops for home consumption, time use for family and self-care and rest, and energy expenditure and reduced physical labor which contributes to health.”

Question 3: “There are many pathways by which agricultural investments can lead to improved nutrition” True or False?

Explanation
“True. There are thought to be three main pathways by which agriculture influences nutrition: food production, agricultural income, and women’s empowerment.” “Evidence is growing for even more ways by which improving the productivity and efficiency of agriculture has beneficial effects for the health and nutrition of rural communities.”

Question 1: “If people know more about what the ideal behaviour is, they will start to do it.” True or false?

Explanation
False. Knowledge is just one of the many factors that determines whether an individual adopts a behaviour. There are often several barriers that must be addressed in order for behaviours to change.

Question 2: “Social and behaviour change approaches that use broad, general messages aimed at large audiences are more likely to change behaviours that focused messages directed at specific audiences.” True or false?

Explanation
False. Social behaviour changes approaches that use targeted messages that are tailored specifically for a defined audience are more likely to have success. These targeted approaches can speak to the most relevant barriers and influences that the target audience has and give feasible and context-appropriate strategies to change behaviours.

Question 3: Formative research is one of the first things you should do to understand priority problems and target audience True or False?

Explanation
True. Formative research is the process of gathering information that will be used to define the target audience based on key factors such as demographics, geography, and socioeconomic status. Formative research is also used to determine the barriers, influences, and opportunities for behaviour change within the target audience.

Question 4: “Behaviours that are EAST – Easy, Attractive, Social, and Timely – are more likely to be adopted than those that are not.” True or False?

Explanation
True. These factors (EAST) are some guidelines that help improve the likelihood that more people will be interested and able to adopt the improved behaviours that you are promoting.

Question 5: “It is important to monitor the impact your program is having on individuals for ethical reasons as well as to demonstrate your impact to funders.” True or False?

Explanation
True. Monitoring serves a very important role in allowing a project to understand early on what is working and what is not working around message delivery and intervention implementation to change behaviours. Since behaviours are often rooted in perceptions of identity and can have social implications, monitoring is also an ethical obligation to ensure we are not inadvertently causing harm or stress to the audience.

Question 1: “There may be several opportunities to make the work your organization already does more nutrition-sensitive.” True or false?

Explanation
True. By nature of working in agriculture, there may be several interventions or activities you are already implementing that can be modified to improve nutrition outcomes. Taking advantage of these opportunities will likely be more efficient and effective than adding new strategies to your work.

Question 2: “There are many resources and guides available to assist you in identifying appropriate and evidence-based strategies and interventions that can be applied to agriculture development work to enhance positive impact on nutrition.” True or false?

Explanation
True. There are many resources and tools specifically designed to guide agriculture development organizations in their efforts to make their work more nutrition sensitive. One such valuable resource is the Nutrition-Sensitive Intervention Selection (NSIS) Tool which offers a guide to appropriate interventions and gender considerations based on user-input criteria.

Question 1: “One of our key aims with nutrition-sensitive agriculture is to improve nutrition, so to be sure we are improving nutrition we should measure stunting.” True or False?

Explanation
False. Although is correct that we are aiming to improve nutrition, stunting and other physical manifestations of malnutrition are complex and can have many causes. Therefore, experts recommend measuring outcomes such as dietary behaviors, experiences of food insecurity, and market-level indicators of food availability and affordability to determine impact, since these indicators are more immediate and have been linked with improved nutrition status over time.

Question 2: “The use of standardized outcome indicators is recommended because it allows cross-program comparison, use of objective benchmarks, and contributes to the global evidence base of what works in nutrition-sensitive agriculture.” True or False?

Explanation
True. Standardized outcome indicators have many advantages over custom, project-specific indicators. There are a few considerations to take into account, such as whether the measure is validated for the project context, and whether the measure is appropriate for the audience and timescale of the project, but in general it is recommended to included one or two standard indicators in NSA monitoring and evaluation plans.

Question 3: “Everyone eats food, so we don’t need to worry about respondents giving inaccurate or incomplete recalls of what they have eaten.” True or False?

Explanation
False. While it is true that meals, eating, and food are a universal human experience, diets are often deeply imbued with cultural context, individual and social identity, and can be tied with complex emotions such as pride and shame. Added to that, it is often difficult to remember what was eaten even in the past few days! For these reasons, we need to ensure enumerators and data collectors are trained on how to gather dietary data carefully, respectfully, and completely.